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In 2003, Mani [28] reported that diabetes accounts for ~30% of chronic renal failure and hypertension for 10% of the patient load on waiting lists for kidney transplantation. In a house-to-house survey of 25 000 in South India, he found an incidence of 6% for hypertension and 4% for diabetes. He used only reserpine, hydralazine and hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension, and glibenclamide and metformin for diabetes, the cheapest agents available, and was able to control blood pressure to ��140/90 mmHg in 96% of cases and reduce glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) by ��10% of the original reading in 77% and HbA1C of 7% in 50% of the diabetic subjects. This study suggests that early screening and intervention can control the progress of CKD in our semi-urban population. This was a single-point cross-sectional study carried out to screen a population who was willing [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azastene Azastene] to participate. Hence the possibility of under-/overestimation cannot be ruled out. The persons suffering from diabetes, hypertension or stone burden were excluded from the study. In the population studied, women do not go out unless there is specific purpose. They shy away even for a routine health check-up, unless forced to by the men of the house or that area, which rarely happens. Thus more males participated in this study and the actual prevalence of CKD may be higher. The equation for CKD employed here followed the KDOQI guidelines, which may not be ideal for our population. This study does not elaborate on the observation of hemoglobin [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ve-821.html VE-821 concentration] this population as CKD. Hence, larger studies involving [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/GDC-0941.html Pictilisib molecular weight] more participants from other parts of the state as well as the country need to be carried out. In conclusion, in a semi-urban population of India that does not have the facilities for screening and early intervention for kidney diseases, the prevalence of CKD was higher than that reported in developed nations. This study may represent the tip of the iceberg since participants considered themselves healthy and individuals with risk factors for CKD were excluded. A relatively high prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension, diabetes and stone burden indicates that a larger population is likely to develop CKD if timely intervention is not provided. In addition, there are geographical differences, as stone burden associated with increased SCr and proteinuria was more prevalent in the non-coastal region, whereas diabetes and hypertension were more prevalent in the coastal region. There is an urgent need to draft preventive health policies and plan for the allocation of more resources to improve kidney health in India. This study also suggests that the populations of other developing nations, especially in Asia, are also likely to be progressing toward CKD due to hypertension, DM and obesity.