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Elemental distribution maps, as well as quantitative traverse analysis of A. betulina root cross-sections, are shown in Figs?1a�Cc, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMO5 FMO5] 2a�Cd and 3a�Cc (yeast-inoculated plants), and Figs?1d�Cf, 2e�Ch and 3d�Cf (control plants). One micro-PIXE scan per treatment is presented, which epitomizes the unanimous distribution pattern detected among all yeast-inoculated and control root cross-sections analysed. It was generally shown that most of the elements detected were characterized by a specific allocation pattern. The preferred accumulation sites and highest levels of P and Fe were detected in the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues of yeast-inoculated plants (Fig.?1a,c). In addition, elemental distribution maps showed that the accumulation of P and Fe in the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues of control plants was not uniform (Fig.?1d,f). The inner cortical regions, endodermis and vascular cylinder of both treatments were depleted in P and Fe (Fig.?1a,c,d,f), while the Ca concentration increased inwards, reaching maximum concentration in the innermost cortical tissues adjacent to the endodermis (Fig.?1b,e). Elemental distribution maps, as well as traverse analysis, showed that Si, S, Cl and K were localized and detected at maximum [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Bafilomycin-A1.html Bafilomycin A1 order] concentration in the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues of both treatments (Fig.?2a�Ch). The accumulation pattern of Si in the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues of yeast-inoculated plants was not homogeneous (Fig.?2a), while the accumulation patterns of Si, S, Cl and K in the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues of control plants were also not homogeneous (Fig.?2e�Ch). Although, because of lower counting statistics, the elemental distribution maps representing Mn, Cu and Zn were not as visually convincing as the maps of other elements, their preferred accumulation sites in both treatments were similar (i.e. the epi/exodermal-outer cortical root tissues) (Fig.?3a�Cf). The accumulation pattern of Mn, Cu and Zn in both treatments was, however, not homogeneous [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/pf-06463922.html Selleckchem PF-06463922] (Fig.?3a�Cf). Average concentrations obtained from selected root tissues indicated that yeast-inoculated plants contained significantly (P?