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Louis, MO, USA) ad libitum. After a 2-week acclimation period, the rats were administered 5 mg/kg of micro-La2O3 or nano-La2O3 after slight anesthesia with a mixture of Zoletil 50 (Viebac, France) and 2% Rampan (Bayer, Germany). General clinical symptoms, such as eye, skin, respiration, and pattern of movement were observed during the experimental period. Three days, 4 weeks, or 13 weeks after the exposure, the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (Ilsung Pharmaceuticals Co., Seoul, Korea) and blood was collected from their abdominal aortas. This study was approved by the animal ethics committee to ensure appropriate animal care during research. Bronchoalveolar lavage. The tracheae were cannulated, and the lungs were lavaged [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Celecoxib.html Celecoxib cost] five times with 3 mL of calcium- and magnesium-free phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). The lavaged fluids were centrifuged at 1,500 rpm for 10 min (Hanil Union 32R, Incheon, Korea). The supernatants were stored at ?80�� for a later protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The number of the precipitated cells was counted with a Coulter counter (Drew Science, Hemarvet 850, Miami Lakes, FL, USA), and the cells were then centrifuged with a Cyto centrifuge (Hanil Cellspin, Incheon, Korea). The centrifuged cells were stained with a Diff-Quick staining solution (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), and differential [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html Rucaparib solubility dmso] counts of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were conducted by counting approximately 300 cells under a microscope at a magnification of 100 times. The LDH and albumin in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLI1 GANT61] lavage fluid were measured using a biochemistry analyzer (Toshiba TBA 20FR, Tokyo, Japan). Measurement of lanthanum levels. Lung, liver, and brain tissues were digested in 10-fold of 65% nitric acid (Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA), and the levels of lanthanum were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Agilent Technologies 7500CE, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Lanthanum in the serum was measured in 5-fold nitric acid. Histopathology. Lungs were fixed in a 10% formalin solution containing neutral PBS and embedded in paraffin. After being stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Masson��s trichrome, lung samples were examined in a light microscopy at a magnification of 100 times. Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis based on Duncan��s multiple range test to determine the differences between the compared groups. Statistical analyses were performed using SigmaPlot 12 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Differences were considered significant when the p-value was