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46 per population) inflorescences (individuals) from 20 dense subplots in each population, and drained the bracts (by making a hole using a pair of scissors at the base of the CB to prevent water retention) on 20�C30 inflorescences prior to anthesis and kept the other plants intact. When capsules had matured, we harvested them and categorized ovules (seeds) as matured, undeveloped, eaten or unfertilized. Undeveloped (immature) seeds were larger than the unfertilized ovules but were smaller than mature seeds. Some mature seeds, eaten by Dipteran/Lepidopteran larvae, were easily distinguished because the seed coats were empty or there was a black hole in each seed coat. At least six capsules were counted for each individual. We calculated final seed set per capsule as the number of undamaged seeds divided by the number of ovules, and initial seed set including both undamaged [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MERTK UNC2881] and damaged seeds. To estimate variation in the proportion of seeds attacked by herbivores, we also calculated seed predation as damaged seeds/(damaged seeds + undamaged seeds) per capsule. Effects of water removal on pollinators and nectar robbers Our field surveys showed that nectar robbing varied considerably among P. rex populations. Flowers in Shama suffered high rates of nectar robbing with robbing rates of 84.75 and 52.61 [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/SRT1720.html selleckchem] % observed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. These rates were significantly higher than those observed in the other five populations, where nectar robbing rates were [http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html Fluorouracil price] of flower visits per foraging bout within plots. We sampled each plot during either the morning (9:00 am) or afternoon (17:00 pm), alternating the order of sampling on each occasion. After each census, we counted the total number of simultaneously opened flowers in each plot to calculate the visitation rate as visits per flower per 30 min. Statistical analyses We analysed both the initial and final seed set and the seed predation data using a generalized linear model (GLM) that included the factors of bract treatment (water removal and control), site and their interaction.